{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "1a073c57-8dd4-4d17-9762-95aadf9955dd",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism are concepts of Object Oriented Programming."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "38f19049-177d-470f-99db-6c14025381ec",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 1. Builtin Functions on Attributes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "905e0929-9193-43b8-88bb-129bc8f65687",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can get direct access to any object via the dot followed by the name of the attribute.  We can also check whether an attribute is defined."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "4d3a0d30-bd87-4e4f-91b4-9ece4d327e95",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import classpoint"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "97977ba5-7745-43c3-81d9-f9d9437190dd",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on module classpoint:\n",
      "\n",
      "NAME\n",
      "    classpoint - Base class to start illustrating inheritance.\n",
      "\n",
      "CLASSES\n",
      "    builtins.object\n",
      "        Point\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class Point(builtins.object)\n",
      "     |  Point(a=0, b=0)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  defines a point in the plane\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, a=0, b=0)\n",
      "     |      constructs a point in the plane\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self)\n",
      "     |      returns the string representation of a point\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |      dictionary for instance variables (if defined)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __weakref__\n",
      "     |      list of weak references to the object (if defined)\n",
      "\n",
      "FILE\n",
      "    c:\\users\\jan\\courses\\mcs260\\summer23\\lec28\\classpoint.py\n",
      "\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(classpoint)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "f93f4d84-74e8-40a7-aca9-10e20a473fc3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from classpoint import Point"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "53d7c7c8-0823-4421-afb0-4bfef05b3aa6",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "p = Point(2, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "6d04bfe4-44d7-4951-91ee-1461f8f224ec",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hasattr(p, 'xpt')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "bb54676f-1ab2-4f63-90ca-bf2250db87ad",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "getattr(p, 'xpt')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "4177af08-3974-49a3-b3f4-743392cbc408",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "setattr(p, 'xpt', 10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "8efef827-0018-468c-b07c-648bad61ebca",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'( 1.0000e+01, 3.0000e+00 )'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str(p)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "3adb394e-2307-478b-a3cf-934658d301b0",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The examples above demonstrated the manipulation of the x-coordinate of the point via the name of the attribute, passed as the string `'xpt'` in the `hasattr()`, `getattr()`, and `setattr()`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "9a8ac0c6-c473-4d94-a4fc-cfe3eb51067a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "10"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p.xpt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "093a0bb6-8ae5-4383-894c-51dd97be625d",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 2. Verifying Inheritance"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "20549e45-d04e-4272-92ab-6a44c4c15c30",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The class `Circle` inherits from the class `Point`.  We can verify this relationship with `issubclass()`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "57528a6b-0077-4a8b-8a62-4cd454c3afd4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from classcircle import Circle"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "82349a16-21e2-431b-8789-9a8df8b2aa2e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "issubclass(Point, Circle)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "b3a5ec88-f149-41c6-bdb4-96ab87ee8f7c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "issubclass(Circle, Point)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "cc28c411-b48c-4ec2-a8de-11757244eb47",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In the code of `Circle`, to make the circle inherit from the point:\n",
    "\n",
    "1. define the class via `class Circle(Point):`\n",
    "\n",
    "2. in the constructor of the class `Circle`: call the constructor of `Point`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "908d8c60-8e29-411a-a402-3889d18f88ee",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on function __init__ in module classcircle:\n",
      "\n",
      "__init__(self, a=0, b=0, r=0)\n",
      "    the center is (a,b), radius = r\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(Circle.__init__)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "272fa241-0f89-4a82-b96d-12c1be812160",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c = Circle(1, 2, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "id": "fc89c33c-9399-4c12-adf5-96fa3951e63c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "center : ( 1.0000e+00, 2.0000e+00 )\n",
      "radius : 3.0000e+00\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(c)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "id": "d6e2917e-dcc9-4109-a48e-00707e881aa3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "28.274333882308138"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c.area()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "1726862c-b305-46ce-91dc-ca153176ac54",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Observe the difference between `str(c)` and `c.area()`.  Both are methods, but we cannot do `area(c)`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "12f11fba-3b3d-430f-817e-b3c4c3c01321",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 3. Polynomials in One Variable"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "id": "2f10179a-e259-4939-a4f3-0b830976d276",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from classpoly import Poly"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "id": "97685422-3d33-4094-8ce6-c000d724fcef",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on function __init__ in module classpoly:\n",
      "\n",
      "__init__(self, c=0, p=0)\n",
      "    Defines a monomial with coefficient c and power p.\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(Poly.__init__)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "id": "dd79200a-0e0c-4a0e-af5b-0c2787a6b3f3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "q = Poly(2, 4) + Poly(1, 0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "id": "778e83cd-a1aa-4c4a-8694-6a7cfacd5c8c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "+2*x^4+1*x^0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(q)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "id": "eb04fb18-09ca-4e28-8ccc-ab0ed639a04e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "163"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "q(3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "cf93b396-54be-422d-b21b-3e8a98a53e33",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The last statement shows that `q` is a *callable object*."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ca5c9a23-55c4-4d3f-bde9-fbff5051c5e1",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Storing the terms of the polynomial as `__terms` makes that we cannot access the data of `q` via the attributes."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "id": "9f264f92-f5d8-4262-9491-e6765ae61a96",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hasattr(q, 'terms')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "id": "cbf5947b-0164-4e35-a487-f063899236bf",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hasattr(q, '__terms')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "43ae44b7-ec6f-4e4c-80a9-22a799d43af8",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 4. Wrapping Turtle"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "169e8bbf-4ab3-4222-8ef0-bad07a34efa8",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The moon orbiting the earth, the earth orbiting the sun is one illustration of wrapping turtle objects, in making plots."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "491f82ca-8239-4510-a87f-73675692f8f3",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Another illustration is a robot drawing a spiral."
   ]
  }
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