Title: Involving the Lay Community in Their Children's Mathematics Education: A Fifteen-Year Perspective
Speaker: Deborah Loewenberg Ball

This session will provide an overview of conceptual-analytic scholarship and empirical research on the role of mathematics knowledge in teaching and in teacher education. Based on common sense and experience, many people assume that mathematical knowledge is crucial to teaching mathematics well. Although research has not been able to link the level of teachers' mathematical attainment directly with their students' achievement, recent studies have established ways in which teachers' mathematical knowledge influences their practices. Three questions will frame the session:
1 -- What has research identified as sites of practice where teachers' mathematics plays a central role?
2 -- How well do teachers know mathematics? What do we know about the differences or similarities between and among elementary and secondary teachers and how does that align with what we assume about these two groups?
3 -- What do we know about teachers' actual and possible opportunities for learning mathematics? What is common? What are the recurrent problems?

The session will conclude with a brief overview of three areas in which further conceptual and empirical work is needed in order to make progress on problems related to the improvement of teachers' mathematical fluency and its use in practice.